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长途大巴 • 阅读主题 - 维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

帖子yijun 在 10 Mar 2009, 16:24

维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况



 【作者简介】韩林合,北京大学外国哲学研究所教授,博士生导师,博士。(北京 100871)

  【内容提要】 《哲学研究》(Philosophische Untersuchungen)是后期维特根斯坦的代表作。其写作和出版过程均颇为曲折。维特根斯坦电子版手稿全集及其与其他人的通信为这个过程的梳理提供了翔实的第一手资料。

  维特根斯坦认为,一方面,他在《逻辑哲学论》中已经无可置疑地解决或消解了所有原本意义上的哲学问题;另一方面,他又不屑于从事这样的唯一可能的哲学活动——分析和澄清其他哲学家就原本意义上的哲学问题所写出的命题,指出它们的无意义性。所以,在完成这部书(1918年8月)之后他便决定,在结束军旅生涯以后将不再以哲学思考和写作作为自己的职业,转而去做与哲学毫无关系的工作。

  1919年8月中旬,维特根斯坦从意大利战俘营中获释,回到维也纳。1919年9月16日,维特根斯坦开始在维也纳参加小学教师培训班。12月13-20日,他在海牙向罗素解释《逻辑哲学论》中的思想。1920年7月7日,培训结束,维特根斯坦获得小学教师任职资格证书。8月,他在维也纳郊外的一所修道院里做助理园丁工作。9月,他开始在下奥地利州特拉腾巴哈的(Trattenbach)山村小学任教。

  1921年6月3日和11月5日,罗素写信告诉维特根斯坦,希望他到英国访问他。11月28日,维特根斯坦回信告诉罗素,如果情况许可,他当然非常乐意拜访他。12月24日,罗素回信说,他期待着维特根斯坦的来访。但是,鉴于维特根斯坦去英国比较困难,二者最后商定,1922年8月在奥地利的因斯布鲁克(Innsbruck)会面。会面时,二者讨论了维特根斯坦访问英国的可能性。1922年11月,维特根斯坦转到普赫勃格(Puchberg)小学任教。

  1923年9月,兰姆西(F. P. Ramsey)到普赫勃格拜访维特根斯坦。在1923年9月20日写给其母亲的信中兰姆西写道:“他(维特根斯坦)说,他自己将不会再做进一步的事情。这并不是因为他感到厌烦了,而是因为他的心灵不再灵活了。他说,没有人能够在哲学方面做多于五年或十年的工作。(他的书花了七年时间。)他确信,罗素不会再做出更为重要的东西了。”[1]186在这次拜访期间,二者就《逻辑哲学论》中的思想及其翻译问题进行了深入细致的讨论。由于与其周围的人关系紧张,维特根斯坦当时告诉兰姆西,他可能在学年结束时放弃小学教师工作,接着可能会做园丁。他还委托兰姆西帮他问一下,他可否以他在剑桥待过的6个学期的经历外加一篇论文申请学士学位。11月11日,兰姆西回信告诉维特根斯坦,说他不能以这样的方式申请学士学位,但是可以来剑桥再待一年,然后提交一篇博士论文,申请博士学位。同时,他还告诉维特根斯坦,有人愿意资助他来英国。但是,维特根斯坦告诉兰姆西,他不想回剑桥做哲学研究,他只是想回到那里见一些老朋友。

  在1924年3月24日写给凯恩斯的信中,兰姆西写道:“他[维特根斯坦]已经做出明确的决定:他不想去剑桥并在那里待下去。7月和8月几乎是他一年中的唯一的假期。通常他是这样度过假期的:几乎独自在维也纳冥思苦想。除非有特别的理由——这只可能是拜访人,否则他更乐意待在维也纳,而不是去剑桥。 ”[1]199

  “事情最终是这样的:尽管他乐于与你待在乡下并再次努力与你亲密起来,但是他不愿仅仅为了拥有一段快乐的时光来英国,因为他会感到这很没有用处,不会引起他的兴趣。

  我认为在这点上他是正确的,但是我也觉得这有些可惜,因为如果他被从他的环境中弄走,并且他不那么劳累,再加上我的刺激,那么他也许会做出更好的工作;可以设想,他也许会怀着这样的想法来到英国。但是,我认为,在这里教学期间他不会做出任何工作。非常明显,他的思考是可怕的向山上推重物的工作,他好像被彻底消耗了。如果在他暑期时我还在这里,那时我也许会努力刺激他。”[1]200

  在1924年3月30日写给其母亲的信中,他写道:“我觉得维特根斯坦似乎累了,尽管不是病了。但是,事实上,与他谈工作没有任何用处,他根本听不进去。假定你提出一个问题,他不愿听你的回答,而是开始思考自己的回答。对他来说这有如向山上推过于沉重的东西一样困难的工作。”[1]196

  1924年7月4日,在写给凯恩斯 (Keynes)的信中,维特根斯坦写道:“……我现在非常忙,而且我的大脑完全无法接受任何科学方面的东西……你在你的信中问我,你能否做些什么以使我重新回到科学工作一事成为可能。答案是:不能。在这方面,没有任何事情可做,因为我自己对这种活动已经没有任何强烈的内在冲动。我已经说了我确实不得不说的一切,因此泉眼已经枯竭。这听起来有点儿怪,但是事情就是这样的[1]205。

  如果我在英国有确定的工作可做,假使它是扫大街或给任何人擦皮鞋的活,那么我将非常高兴地去那里……”[1]206

  1924年9月,维特根斯坦转到靠近特拉腾巴哈的奥特塔(Otterthal)小学。12月25日,石里克写信给维特根斯坦,说他和他的同事深信《逻辑哲学论》中所表达的基本思想的重要性和正确性,希望帮助传播它们,并且希望亲自到他任教的小学拜访他。1925年1月7日,维特根斯坦给石里克写了回信,并表示愿意与他会面。1月14日,石里克在给维特根斯坦复信中再次表达了拜访维特根斯坦的热望。

  1925年8月,在兰姆西和凯恩斯等人的热情邀请下,维特根斯坦访问英国老朋友的愿望终于得以实现。他先后到苏塞克斯、曼彻斯特、剑桥拜访了凯恩斯、兰姆西、埃克尔斯(W. Eccles)、约翰逊(W. E. Johnson)等人。在与兰姆西见面时,维特根斯坦与他发生了激烈的争论。

  从英国回来后,维特根斯坦继续做小学教师工作。在1925年9月9日写给恩格尔曼的信中,他写道:“万不得已时,我可能会去英国。”[2]在1925年10月18日写给凯恩斯的信中,他写道:“非常感谢你的信!我仍旧做教师,现在还不需要任何钱。我决定仍然做教师,只要我感觉到做教师给我带来的麻烦会给我带来任何好处。如果你牙疼,那么将一个热水瓶放在你的脸上会对你有好处。但是,只有在瓶子的热度给你带来疼痛的时候这种办法才有效。如果我发现这个瓶子不再能够给我带来那种会给我的性格带来任何好处的特定的疼痛,那么我将扔掉它。也即,如果这里的人在这个时间之前还没有将我撵走的话。如果我不再教学了,那么我也许会去英国,并在那里找个工作,因为我确信,我不可能在这个国家找到任何可能的事情做。在这种情况下,我会找你帮忙。”[1]215

  在奥特塔小学,维特根斯坦与周围人(同事、学生家长)的关系依然非常紧张。在1924年10月写信给他的朋友汉色尔(Ludwig H. nsel)的信中,他写道:“这里的情况不好,现在我的教学生涯也许要结束了。对我来说这太困难了。不是一个,而是一打的力量,都在反对我,我是什么?”[3]在1925年2月24日写给恩格尔曼的信中,他写道:“我忍受着和我生活在一起的人,或非人的折磨。简言之,一切如旧!”[2]54

  1926年4月,由于维特根斯坦过度体罚学生,家长将其告上法庭。28日,维特根斯坦最终放弃教职。放弃小学教师工作后,维特根斯坦一度想当修道士,未果。于是,他在维也纳郊区的另一家修道院做了三个月助理园丁。之后,他终于找到了一项自己喜欢的差事:协助其建筑师朋友恩格尔曼为其二姐设计和建造房子。 1926年4月底,石里克与他的几个学生一起赶往奥特塔拜见维特根斯坦。到那里之后,才知道维特根斯坦已经离开那里了。

   1927年2月19日,维特根斯坦的二姐写信给石里克,说他可以与维特根斯坦见面了:“他请我向您表达他的问候和最诚挚的道歉:他相信他仍然还不能集中心思于逻辑问题——他现在的工作占有了他全部的精力。无论如何,他都不想和许多人谈话。他认为,与您这个令人尊敬的教授一个人讨论这些事情是可能的。他想,这样的讨论会表明,他现在在这个方面对您到底是否有任何用处。”[4]14接着,石里克受邀到她家做客,与维特根斯坦单独谈话。经过多次单独会面后,维特根斯坦允许石里克带着他的少数几个同事和学生同来。被石里克选中的人包括:魏斯曼(Friedrich Waismann)、卡尔纳普(Rudolf Carnap)、费格尔(Herbert Feigl)、加斯伯尔(Maria Kasper)等。其中,只有魏斯曼总是参加会谈。从1927年夏天到1928年底,石里克等定期在每星期一与维特根斯坦会面。在大多数时间,他们讨论的并不是哲学问题。维特根斯坦常常背对着听众念泰格尔等人的诗文。当然,他们偶尔也谈到哲学问题。其中,所讨论的哲学问题之一是兰姆西提供的。1925年 11月,兰姆西在伦敦数学学会上宣读了一篇论文,题目为“数学基础”(The Foundation of Mathematics)。由于当年夏天与维特根斯坦闹得不甚愉快,他没有将论文直接寄给维特根斯坦,而是寄给石里克。在1927年的一次讨论中,石里克提到了这篇论文。维特根斯坦仔细阅读了它。1927年7月2日,他写信给兰姆西,批评了论文中的观点:同一性命题或者是同语反复式或者是矛盾式。8月15 日,兰姆西写信给石里克,请他转达了他对维特根斯坦的批评的答复。

  1928年3月,在魏斯曼和费格尔的劝说下,维特根斯坦听了直觉主义学派宗师布劳维尔的一次名为“数学、科学和语言”(Mathematik, Wissenschaft und Sprache)的讲演。听完讲演,他表现得非常亢奋。费格尔描写道:“……观察那天晚上发生在维特根斯坦身上的变化是一件令人着迷的事情……。他变得非常健谈,并开始勾画构成他后期著作之出发点的想法。……那天晚上标志着维特根斯坦向强烈的哲学兴趣和活动的回归。”[5]

   1928年6月,石里克邀请维特根斯坦参加他的学圈的周四讨论会。维特根斯坦大概没有接受这个邀请。大概在1927年夏,维特根斯坦写信告诉凯恩斯,11 月份他的建筑任务就可以完成,之后他或许会到英国旅行。事实上,直到1928年秋,这个任务方告完成。1928年11月,维特根斯坦写信告诉凯恩斯,他会在12月初到英国待一段时间。12月,他又写信说,因为生病,他不得不将到达英国的时间推迟到1929年1月初。1929年1月中旬,维特根斯坦回到了剑桥。他很快便决定留下来做哲学研究。在2月18日写给石里克的信中,他写道:“我已经决定在剑桥这里待几个学期,以处理视觉空间和其他的题目。 ”[4]17

  促使维特根斯坦如此迅速地做出这个决定的原因是多方面的。首先,与兰姆西和石里克等人之间进行的诸多讨论以及从 1929年2月初开始所进行的思考和写作表明,他还是具有高超的哲学思考能力的,他的心灵还是具有足够的灵活性的。其次,布劳维尔的演讲使他认识到,《逻辑哲学论》并非解决了所有重要的哲学问题。比如,这本书对数学本性问题的探讨远非完善;另外,还有许多重要的哲学问题它根本没有进行任何探讨,比如视觉空间问题。最后,但不是最不重要的原因是,多年的生活经历表明,最适合于他的环境还是剑桥,最适合于他的事情或职业还是哲学思考和写作。

  回到剑桥后,维特根斯坦最初的正式身份仍然是高级研究学生,导师为比他小17岁的朋友兰姆西。在接下来的一年时间内,维特根斯坦与兰姆西经常在一起长时间地讨论数学基础和逻辑的本性问题。关于这些讨论,在记于1929年2月15日的一则笔记中,维特根斯坦写道:“就逻辑问题与兰姆西进行了一些充满乐趣的讨论。这些讨论类似能使人强健的体育活动,而且,我相信它们也是在一种很好的精神的指导下进行的。其中存在着色情的和骑士风度的成分。借此,我也可以被培养着建立起某种思维的勇气。几乎没有比如下事情更令人感到惬意了:一个人仿佛从我的嘴里将我的思想取出来,将其平铺在空旷的地方。当然,这一切都掺杂有虚荣的成分,但也不尽然。”[6]4

  兰姆西对《逻辑哲学论》的重要批评之一是维特根斯坦关于颜色排斥问题的观点。在《哲学研究》前言中,维特根斯坦写道:“……自从十六年前我重新开始从事哲学研究以来,我不得不认识到,我在那个第一本书中所写下的东西中存在着一些严重的错误。弗兰克·兰姆西对我的观点所进行的批评——在其生命的最后两年我与他在无数次谈话中讨论过它们——帮助我认识到这些错误。但是,至于这种帮助有多大,我自己几乎也不能做出判断。”兰姆西病逝于1930年1月。

  在回到剑桥后的第一年,维特根斯坦还结识了经济学家斯拉法(Piero Sraffa),与之进行了若干次讨论。此后的若干年内,他也经常与斯拉法讨论问题。在《哲学研究》的前言中,维特根斯坦写道:“与这些——总是强有力的而且可靠的批评相比——我更要感谢本校教师皮埃罗·斯拉法先生多年来不间断地对我的思想所进行的批评。我要将这本书中最富有成果的想法归功于这个刺激。” 维特根斯坦曾经告诉他的学生瑞斯(Rush Rhees),他从斯拉法那里学到的最重要的东西是以“人类学的方式”看待哲学问题。

  1929年6月18日,维特根斯坦以《逻辑哲学论》一书获得博士学位,论文答辩会主持人为穆尔和罗素。6月19日,他从三一学院获得一笔为数100英镑的研究基金,作为他暑期和下一学期的研究和生活费用。这样,他便可以暂时安心地从事哲学思考和写作了。

  7月19日,在英国心灵协会和亚里士多德学会的联合年会上,维特根斯坦做了一个有关数学中的一般性和无穷的报告。他会前提交的论文名为“一些关于逻辑形式的评论”(Some Remarks on Logical Form)。这篇文章发表在《亚里士多德学会会刊副刊》(Procceedings of the Aristotelian Society,Supplementary Volume)(IX,1929)上。11月17日,维特根斯坦在异教徒学会(The Heretics)上做了一个有关伦理学的通俗讲演。讲演稿(TS 207)1965年以“伦理学讲演”(A Lecture on Ethics)为名发表于《哲学评论》(The Philosophical Review)上。实际上,一回到剑桥,维特根斯坦便开始了紧张的哲学思考和写作。1929年2月2日,他开始写作MS 105。到1930年2月中旬,他已经写出了三本半哲学笔记(MSS 105-108第一部分)。这时,为了申请较为固定的教职,他从这些笔记中做出了一个打字摘录稿,即TS208,名为《哲学评论》(Philosophische Bemerkungen)。紧接着,以此稿为基础,他整理出了TS 209。①(1964年,该打字稿在牛津出版。)关于这部稿子,1930年5月8日罗素评论道:“包含在维特根斯坦这部新著中的理论是新颖的,非常具有独创性,毫无疑问是重要的。我不知道它们是否是真的。作为一名喜欢简单性的逻辑学家,我当希望它们不是真的;不过,从我所读过的部分看,我完全确信,他应当有个机会将它们完成,因为如果完成了,或许很容易证明,它们构成了一种全新的哲学。”[7]主要是因为这个评价,1930年12月,维特根斯坦获得了剑桥为期五年的教员助理教职(Faculty Assistant Lectureship)。

  1929年圣诞假期间,维特根斯坦回到维也纳。在此期间,他与石里克和魏斯曼进行了多次会谈。维特根斯坦授权他们将会谈内容传达给维也纳学圈的其他成员。此后,直到1932年夏,只要情况允许,每逢假期,这样的会谈均定期进行。这些会谈的大部分内容均由魏斯曼记录下来,1967年以《维特根斯坦与维也纳学圈》(Wittgenstein und der Wiener Kreis)为名出版。从1933年开始,维特根斯坦决定单独与石里克会面。在这年的夏天,维特根斯坦和石里克到意大利度假。期间,他向后者口述了一些笔记。

  从1929年开始,魏斯曼便打算写一本书,来系统地解释《逻辑哲学论》中的思想。这本书的书名定为《逻辑、语言、哲学》(Logik, Sprache, Philosophie)。通过与维特根斯坦的多次会谈和维特根斯坦向他提供的手稿和打字稿节选,魏斯曼也了解了他的一些新的思想,比如:感觉材料可以看成世界的结构元素、基本命题就是描述直接经验或现象的命题、物理对象是一种假设、意义在于证实等等。他也想将这些新思想包括在他的书中。1931年底,维特根斯坦开始明确地反对魏斯曼的这种设想。在11月写给石里克的信中,他写道:“我确信,魏斯曼将会以一种与我认为正确的方式完全不同的方式呈现许多东西。”而且,“我那本书[《逻辑哲学论》]中的许许多多表述我现在已经不同意了。”②比如,其中关于基本命题和对象的讨论被证明是错误的;其中所包含的关于命题的分析应当由对于语法的“清晰的表现”来取代。总之,没有任何必要来写一本以新的形式重复旧的错误的书。因此,魏斯曼不得不改变他的计划,将他的书的内容限定为:系统地表述维特根斯坦的新思想。其基础是:维特根斯坦与他和石里克的谈话;维特根斯坦不断提供给他们的手稿和打字稿。维特根斯坦非常支持这个新的设想,甚至于一度想与魏斯曼合作写这本书:他提供原料和大致的结构,而魏斯曼则以系统的形式将其清楚而前后一贯地表述出来。但是,由于维特根斯坦这时的思想处于不断的变化之中,魏斯曼觉得很难实施这个计划。在1934年8月写给石里克的信中,他写道:“他具有这样的伟大天赋:总是好像第一次看到一个事物一样。但是,我认为,这恰恰证明,与其合作是多么的困难。因为他总是听从一时的灵感,而毁掉他以前所设计的内容。……你所看到的一切就是:结构被一点一点地毁掉,结果一切逐渐地具有了一种完全不同的外表。因此,你近乎得到这样的感觉:思想是如何组织在一起的这点根本不重要,因为最后没有任何东西被留在原来的状态。”③

  1936年初,魏斯曼在《认识》(Erkenntnis)杂志第6卷上发表了一篇题为《论同一性概念》的文章。维特根斯坦抱怨说,魏斯曼在文章中没有足够清楚地说明其基本思想来源于他。虽然魏斯曼写信给维特根斯坦做了解释,并在接下来的一期杂志上刊登了一个正式声明,但是二者的关系从此决裂。因此,合作写书的计划当然也告终止。

  现在,我们再回过头来看一下维特根斯坦自己的写作情况。 1930年8月MS 108第二部分完成。接着,维特根斯坦开始写作MS 109,至1932年5月23日,完成了MSS 109-113。5月27日开始写MS 114,至6月5日写完第一部分。暑假期间,维特根斯坦以MSS 109至114开始部分为基础,差人打印出了TS 211。TS 210是1930年暑假以MS 108第二部分为基础而打印出来的。1932年暑假,维特根斯坦将TSS 208、210、211的复本剪成大小不同的若干纸条,按章夹在一起,并将由此得到的若干章分成不同的部分,放在不同的文件夹里,形成TS 212。1933年暑假,以TS 212为基础,维特根斯坦差人打印出了TSS 213至218。TS 213即通常人们所说的“大打字稿”(Big Typescript)。在接下来的一年多时间,维特根斯坦对这个打字稿的第一部分做了大量修改和补充:先是在打字稿上,然后是在不同的手稿中[MSS 114(第二部分)、115(第一部分)、140]。1969年出版的《哲学语法》(Philosophische Grammatik)的第一部分主要是以包含于MSS 114、115、140中的修改稿为基础编选而成,但是去掉了大打字稿中约四章非常重要的内容(“期待、希望等等”、“哲学”、“现象学”、“唯心主义等等”)。该稿的未经修改的第二部分则构成了这本书的第二部分。在这两部分中间作为附录插入了TS 214。

  1930年至 1935年间,维特根斯坦定期为学生开课。其讲课内容后来整理出版:《维特根斯坦1930-1932年剑桥讲演》(Wittgensgtein's Lectures,Cambridge 1930-33)(1980年),《维特根斯坦1932-1935年剑桥讲演》(Wittgensgtein's Lecture,Cambridge 1932-35)(1979年),“维特根斯坦1930-1933年讲演”(Wittgensgtein's Lectures in 1930-33)[载于《心灵》(Mind)第63-64卷(1954-1955年)]。

  在1933-1934年,维特根斯坦用英语向他的几个学生口授了一个笔记,被称为《蓝皮书》(TS309)。维特根斯坦让人制作了一些复本,以便其学生和朋友传阅。在1934至1935学年,维特根斯坦用英语向他的朋友和学生斯金纳(Francis Skinner)和安姆布劳斯(Alice Ambrose)口授了另外一个笔记,被称为《棕皮书》(TS 310)。维特根斯坦只让人制作了三个打字复本,本想用其作为自己进一步写作的基础。但是,这个笔记很快便有违其意愿地在人们之间流传开来。1958年,这两个笔记以《蓝棕皮书》(The Blue and Brown Books)为名出版。

  1935年9月7-29日,维特根斯坦到俄罗斯旅行。他做这次旅行的目的本来是要在那里的集体农庄找一份工作,因为一方面他在剑桥的聘期还有一个学年就到期了,另一方面他接下来不想继续从事哲学研究了。1935年7月31日,在写给石里克的信中维特根斯坦写道:“9月初我要到俄罗斯旅行,而且将或者在那里待下去,或者大约两周后回到英国。在后一种情况下,我将在英国做什么,这点还完全不确定,但是我很可能不会继续做哲学了。”

  俄罗斯方面认为,维特根斯坦还是适合于做哲学,因而向他提供了卡山(Kazan)大学和莫斯科大学的教职。这恰恰与他的本意相悖。所以,他只在那里呆了两周。

  回到英国后,在接下来的学期,他的讲课内容集中于感觉材料和私人经验方面。他为讲课而准备的笔记(MSS 148、149、151、181)内容主要是用英语写的。1968年,MSS 148、149、151发表于《哲学评论》上,名称为“关于‘私人经验’和‘感觉材料’的讲课笔记”(Notes for the Lectures on “Private Experience”and“Sense Data”)。

  在这一学年,维特根斯坦曾经想过在剑桥的聘期结束后改行学医。但是,1936年6月,在学年即将结束时,他基本上打消了这一念头,转而决定到挪威写书。8月中旬,他来到第一次世界大战前 (1914年春)他在挪威斯科约尔登(Skjolden)湖边所建的小木屋,马上便开始了紧张的哲学写作。首先,他在MS 115上(自118页开始)翻译和改写《棕皮书》,题名为《哲学研究——一次改写尝试》(Philosophische Untersuchungen. Versuch einer Umarbeitung)。但是,两个月后,他对这种写作方式感到厌烦了。在笔记中,他写道:“从118页开始到此为止的整个‘改写尝试’没有任何价值。 ”[6]292

  1936年11月20日,在写给穆尔的信中,维特根斯坦写道:“很高兴接到你的信。我的工作进展得不坏。我不知道我是否写信告诉过你,当我来这里时我便开始用德文翻译和改写我向斯金纳和安姆布劳斯所口授的那个东西。大约两周前,当我通读我到那时为止所完成的部分时,我发现其全部,或近乎全部,都很令人厌烦,而且造作。因为有英语稿子摆在我面前,这约束了我的思维。因此,我决定另起炉灶,不让我的思想受任何它们之外的东西引导。——在头一两天我发觉这有些困难,但是此后事情便变得容易了。因此,我现在正在写一个新版本的稿子,我希望我的如下说法不错:它某种程度上说比前一稿好。”[1]283

  这里所说的“新版本的稿子”当指MS 142。MS 142共有167页,其中的第1页至76页写于1936年11月初至12月初,其余部分写于1937年2至3月(同样是在挪威小屋完成)。内容基本相应于《哲学研究》印行本第一部分评论第1至189(第一段)。这个手稿名为《哲学研究》(Philosophische Untersuchungen),其写作基础包括MSS 114、115、140、152、157a、157b和TS 213。

  1936年12月底和1937年6至9月,先后在维也纳和剑桥,维特根斯坦以此稿为基础,差人打印出了题为《哲学研究》的TS 220。该打字稿由第i至iii页加上第2至137页构成,共139页。其中,第2至65页成于1936年12月底,第66页至137页成于1937年6 月初至8月9日,第i至iii页完成于此后的某个时间。

  1937年8月16日,维特根斯坦又回到挪威,在那里一直呆到12月上旬。年底在维也纳度假,1938年1月中旬回到剑桥,然后到都柏林呆了一段时间,3月中旬回到剑桥。由于奥地利合并到德国,维特根斯坦不愿做德国人,所以他申请英国籍,并同时申请剑桥大学的终身教职。教职申请很快便得到了批准,从秋季学期开始,维特根斯坦成为剑桥终身成员。

   1937年秋至1938年秋,维特根斯坦写出了MSS 117(前一半)至120;1938年秋至1939年初,写出了MSS 121和162a。以MSS 117至119、121、162a和115为基础,1938年秋至1939年初,维特根斯坦打印出了TS 221。其起始页码为138,与TS 220页码相接。第138至204页来源为MS 117;第204至222页和243至255页来源为MS118;第222至243页来源于MS 119(第1至98页);第256至266页来源为MS115(第59至71页,写于1934年);第267至271页来源于MS 121(第54至63页)和162a(第1至9页)。1956年,TS 221之修改稿即TS 222收于《数学基础评论》(Bemerkungen über die Grundlagen der Mathematik)(构成其第1部分)。

  TSS 220和221一起构成了《哲学研究》“早期稿”(The Early Version)。(此名源于冯·赖特。)1938年8月,维特根斯坦为其打印出了前言,即TS 225。其初稿(片断)包含在MSS 117(相应部分写于1938年6至8月)、118、152(写于1936年)、159(写于1938年)之中。9月,他联系剑桥大学出版社出版,希望能够在那里出版德英文对照版,书名为《哲学评论》(Philosophical Remarks)。出版社方面批准了这个计划。接着,他便吩咐他的学生瑞斯开始对其进行翻译。1939年1月,瑞斯翻译出了116个评论(大致到TS 220之评论95)。包含这些评论的译稿构成了TS 226。维特根斯坦看到译稿后,非常失望,在1939年2月8日写给凯恩斯的信中,维特根斯坦写道:“的确,译文相当糟糕,不过,做这事的人是一个出色的人。只不过,他不是一个天生的翻译家,而且没有比口语化的(非技术性的)散文更难翻译的了[1]308。遂决定取消出版计划。

  不过,这个译稿对维特根斯坦来说并非没有用处。他当时已经决定申请穆尔退休后空出的教授席位。于是,他匆匆忙忙对译稿进行了一些修改,将其和德文原稿一起提供给遴选委员之一凯恩斯,以便其参考。本来,他认为他的申请是“一个注定要失败的努力(a lost cause)”,因为另一个申请者是韦兹德姆(John Wisdom),而对他没有任何好感的柯林伍德(R. G. Collingwood)恰恰又是遴选委员之一。但是,事实上,维特根斯坦的这个担心是不必要的。他当时在英国的名声如日中天,公认是数一数二的哲学天才。因此,1939年2月11日,他非常顺利地得到了这个席位。关于授予维特根斯坦教授席位一事,布洛德(C. D. Broad)说道(尽管从个人角度说来,他对维特根斯坦向来无好感):“拒绝将这个席位给予维特根斯坦,就如同拒绝将一个物理学席位给予爱因斯坦一样 [8]141。4月,其国籍申请也获得批准。

1938年夏天,维特根斯坦向几个挑选出来的学生做了数次有关美学和宗教信仰的讲座。1966年,这些讲座的学生笔记整理出版,收录于《关于美学、心理学和宗教信仰的讲演》(Lectures & Conversations on Aesthetics,Psychology and Religious Belief)之中。(其中关于弗洛伊德心理学的部分记录的是维特根斯坦和瑞斯之间于1942至1946年间所进行的数次谈话。)事实上这是有违维特根斯坦的意愿的。在讲座时,维特根斯坦告诉他的学生:“如果你们将这些即兴的评论记录下来,某一天某个人也许会将其作为我深思熟虑的意见发表出来。我不想让这样的事情发生。因为我现在是跟随着我的想法自由地谈话的,但是所有这一切都需要更多的思考和更好的表达。”[1]308

   1939年1月中旬至12月初,维特根斯坦开了一门有关数学基础的课程。1976年,学生的听课笔记出版,名为《维特根斯坦关于数学基础的讲演(1939 年剑桥)》(Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics,Cambridge 1939)。

  1939年9月初,第二次世界大战全面爆发。正如在第一次世界大战时一样,维特根斯坦不愿做旁观者,想找一个与战争有关的差事做。1941年10月,经由其朋友牛津哲学家吉尔伯特·赖尔(Gilbert Ryle)的弟弟约翰·赖尔(John Ryle)的帮助,他在伦敦的一家医院找到了药房门房的差事,后改做实验助手。在1941年9月29日写给其夫人的信中,关于维特根斯坦,约翰·赖尔描写道:“令我感兴趣的是:他虽然在三一学院做了那么多年教师,但是他不仅没有与那里的其他人同流合污,相反,却被那里的死气沉沉的氛围所征服。他对我说,‘ 我感到,如果我待在那里,那么我会慢慢地死去。我宁可尝试快些死去’。因此,他想在一所医院做某种卑微的工作——作为其战时的工作。如有必要,他将辞去他的教席。但是他不想让人谈论这件事。而且,他希望,这个工作是在一个受到闪电战袭击的地方。……我认为,他认识到,他的大脑与大多数人的大脑的工作方式是如此的不同,以至于尝试任何需要智力的战时工作都将是愚蠢的。”④

  1943年4月,维特根斯坦随他所在医院的一家研究所转到纽卡斯尔(Newcastle)。1943年初,维特根斯坦与其朋友——语言学家和古典学家巴赫金(Nicholas Bachtin)一起阅读《逻辑哲学论》,并向其解释其思想。关于这次阅读,在TS 243(2-3)即印行本《哲学研究》前言中他写道:“两年前,我有机会再次阅读我的第一本书(《逻辑哲学论》)并解释其思想。这时,我突然想到,应当将那些旧的思想与新的思想放在一起出版:这些新的思想只有在与我的旧的思想方式的对照之中并在后者的背景之上才能得到其适当的阐明。”9月,他与剑桥大学出版社联系,希望其接受他的这个新出版计划。1944年1月14日,剑桥大学出版社写信通知他,这个出版计划获得通过。于是,2月16日,维特根斯坦离开纽卡斯尔,27日回到剑桥。从3月初至9月底,他到斯旺西(Swansea)瑞斯处潜心著书。

  在1940秋至1944年底,维特根斯坦完成了MSS 123至129。1944年12月至1945年1月,维特根斯坦整理并打印出了一个稿子,赖特将其称作《哲学研究》“中期稿”(The Intermediate Version)。其正文部分共有195页,300个评论。不妨将其分成如下几个部分来讨论。

  第一部分:第1至135页[评论第1至188(第一段当为189第一段)]之基础为TS 220之修改稿TS 239。后者大约完成于1943年,由第<1>至2a页、第3至77页、第77.1至77.11页、第94至137页构成,共133页。

  第二部分:第135至143页[评论第188(第二段当为189第二段)至196(197)]之基础为TS 221或其修改稿TSS 222-224。

  第三部分:第144至195页[评论第197(198)至300(303)]之基础为TS 241(有33页,114个评论,成于1944年秋)。该打字稿之基础为MS 129(第25至89页,此稿始作于1944年8月17日)。该手稿之基础为MSS 124(第205至289页,始作于1944年7月3日)、179(写于1943年)、180(第一段,写于1943年)。第144至195页中的评论除 6个以外,其他皆取自于TS 241。这6个评论的来源为:5个来源于MS 129(第90页及接下来的数页,其中的3个进而又来源于MS 165),1个来源于MS 130(写于1944年)。

  TS 243为中期稿前言,成于1945年1月。此前言的基础为早期稿之前言和1944年底或1945年1月所准备的前言片断(存于MS 128结束部分和MS 129开始部分)。在MS 128最后,载有维特根斯坦为该稿起的名称:《哲学研究:与<逻辑哲学论>相对照》(Philos. Untersuchungen der Log. Phil. Abh. entgegengestelt)。

  我们看到,中期稿与早期稿有很大的不同:首先,中期稿将早期稿中的第二部分的内容大幅压缩,仅选取了其中集中谈论遵守规则问题的十多个评论,同时又在接下来的评论中进一步展开了对这个问题的讨论;其次,在中期稿中,在关于遵守规则问题的评论之后,接下来的是大量讨论私人语言和心灵内容的私人性的评论,泛而言之,是关于心理学哲学的众多评论,而在早期稿中,跟在遵守规则问题之后的是关于数学哲学的评论。

  在此有必要指出,在现存的维特根斯坦遗著中,并没有一个独立的中期稿。因为完成中期稿后,维特根斯坦立即在其上对其进行了大幅度的扩充,增加了关于心理哲学的近400个评论,于1945年底或1946年春完成了《哲学研究》“ 终稿”(The Final Version)(赖特语),即TS 227。TS 227总共有324页,由693个评论+17个边注构成。可以将其分成如下几个部分来讨论。

  第一部分:第1至421个评论之基础为中期稿修改稿。在中期稿的第199(200)和300(303)个评论之间插入了约120个评论。这样,中期稿的第300(303)个评论便变成了此稿的第421个评论。这些插入的评论主要来自于MS 129,少部分来自于TS 228(Bemerkungen I)。TS 228共有189页,包括698个评论,约成于1945年5至7月。其基础为:MSS 114至116、120、129较后的部分、MS 130开始部分、TS 213。

  第二部分:第422至693个评论除12个以外均来源于TS 228。这12个评论中有5个(488、489、524、622、629)找不到其他的出处,其余7个来源如下:490来源于MS 116第346至347页;556来源于TS 230之评论141.1;573来源于MS 129第170页;586来源于MS 129第140页;651来源于MS 116第290页,TS 230(Bemerkungen Ⅱ)之评论463(第一段);654来源于MS 116第290页,TS 230之评论463(第二段);655来源于MS 116第290页,TS 230之评论463(第三段)。

  第三部分:17个边注也均来源于TS 228。

  终稿的前言为中期稿前言之修改稿。

  1946至1947学年,维特根斯坦开设了有关心理哲学的课程。关于这个课程的学生听课笔记1988年以《维特根斯坦关于哲学心理学的讲演》(Wittgenstein's Lectures on Philosophical Psychology 1946-47)为名出版。

  1947年夏,维特根斯坦决定辞掉剑桥大学的教职,找一个安静的地方专心从事写作,以完成他的著作。1947年底,他正式离开剑桥大学,并来到爱尔兰。此后近两年时间内,他主要是在那里度过的。

  从1944年夏开始,维特根斯坦关注的重心从数学哲学完全转移到了心理学哲学。到1948年夏,他写出了MSS 130至137(第一部分)。以这些手稿为基础,他先后于1947年底和1948年秋差人打印出了TSS 229和232。TS 229有1137个评论;TS 232有736个评论。

  1948年秋至1949年3月,他写出了MSS 137(第二部分)、138、169。1980年,TSS 229和232以《关于心理学哲学的评论》(Bemerkungen über die Philosophie der Psychologie)为名出版(两卷)。1982年,MSS 137(第二部分)和138以《关于心理学哲学的最后的著作》(Letzte Schriften über die Philosophie der Psychologie)为名出版。

  1949年5月中旬到6月中旬,在爱尔兰,以TSS 229、232和MSS 137、138、169为基础,维特根斯坦誊写出了MS 144。6月底至7月上旬,在剑桥他差人将其打印出来,形成TS 234。TS 234是维特根斯坦生前所制作的最后一个打字稿。

  1949年7月下旬至10月,维特根斯坦到美国拜访其学生马尔考姆。11月初,回到剑桥。11月底,医生确诊他得了前列腺癌。12月底至1950年3月中旬,他在维也纳探亲。1949年到1950年春,维特根斯坦写出了MSS 169至171。

  1950年4月初,他回到剑桥。从这时开始到1951年4月27日,他写出了MSS 172至177。

  MSS 169至177中的内容分别于1969、1977、1992年以《论确信》(ber Gewiβheit)、《关于颜色的评论》(Bemerkungen über die Farben)、《关于心理学哲学的最后的著作(1949至1951年)》[Letzte Schriften über Philosophie der Psychologie (1949-1951)]为名出版。

  1951年4月29日,维特根斯坦病逝。在1月29日起草的遗嘱中,他写道:“我将我的所有尚未出版的作品,进而其中的手稿和打字稿的版权悉数给予瑞斯先生、安斯考姆小姐和剑桥三一学院的赖特教授。他们有权处理他们认为最好的部分,除非任何其他人拥有这些手稿和打字稿的保管权。

  我有这样的打算和愿望:瑞斯先生、安斯考姆小姐和赖特教授将来将我的未出版的作品中他们认为适合的那些部分均出版,但是我不希望他们因此而承担他们没有指望从版税和其他得益中得到补偿的费用。”[9]

  在维特根斯坦的现存遗著中,TS 227显然是最接近于完成的著作。因此,安斯考姆和瑞斯决定先行将其出版。同时,他们还做出决定,将TSS 227和234放在一起出版,合并称为《哲学研究》,并称前者为第一部分,后者为第二部分。11月,他们同牛津的布莱克维尔(Basil Blackwell)出版社签订了出版合同。1953年4月,我们现在所见到的《哲学研究》便以德英对照版的形式面世了。(在排印后,TS 234遗失。)在编者前言中,我们看到如下描述:“在这本书中作为第一部分出版的稿子1945年便完成了。第二部分出自于1946和1949年间。假使维特根斯坦自己出版他的著作,他会将现在构成第一部分大约最后30页的内容中的一大部分去掉,将第二部分的内容再加上进一步的材料补加在那里。”⑤

  1948年底,两位编者曾经先后到爱尔兰看望维特根斯坦。期间,维特根斯坦与他们讨论了他正在做的工作和他进一步修改TS 227或《哲学研究》“终稿”的计划:他想用他最近几年来写出的有关心理学哲学的评论(包括TSS 229和232)修改和补充该稿的最后的部分。不过,1949年夏,在以TSS 229、232和MSS 137、138、169等为基础而完成MS 144和TS 234之后,维特根斯坦并没有接着实施这个修改和补充计划。

  我们知道,早期稿是由两部分构成的。在1939年2 月1日和2日写给凯恩斯和穆尔的信中,维特根斯坦明确地将其第一部分称作“第一卷”或“我的第一卷”[1]304-305,在1939年9月13日写给赖特的信中,他将其称作“我的书的第一卷”。这样,第二部分当会被称为“第二卷”。到了1945年,他仍然使用这样的称呼。在1945年6月13日写给瑞斯的信中,他写道:“我正在向人口授一些材料、评论,我想将其中的一些放进我的第一卷中(如果终究会有这样一个东西的话)。这个事情大致将需要另外一个月或 6周时间。”⑥

  赖特认为,维特根斯坦这时差人打印的稿子当为TS 228,而所谓“我的第一卷”当指《哲学研究》中期稿。那么,这时维特根斯坦心中所想到的“我的第二卷”应当指什么稿子?一个合理的推测是:早期稿的第二部分或第二卷的修改稿(TS 222)的修改稿(修改基础当主要为1939年至1944年所写的进一步的关于数学基础的评论)。事实上,迟至1944年,维特根斯坦还在对TS 222进行补充。

  如果这种推测是正确的,那么《哲学研究》印行本的结构就显得不太妥当了。首先,印行本的结构会让人想到,维特根斯坦1945年心目中的“我的第二卷”是指TS 234或MS 144。但是,在这时,这两个稿子根本还不存在;实际上,作为其基础的一些手稿甚至还没有最终写完。正是为了避免引起读者的这种误解,才有了上引编者的那段警告之语。但是,令人遗憾的是,编者并没有清楚地告诉读者另一个重要之点,即印行本《哲学研究》至多只包含了维特根斯坦心目中的《哲学研究》之第一卷。

  对于上述推测,我们还可以找到进一步的根据。首先,在《哲学研究》“终稿”前言中,他仍然将数学基础列作其所探讨的项目之一。其次,在1949年的一则笔记中,他写道:“我想将属于[这些我的]《哲学研究》的那种关于数学的探讨称作‘数学初步’。”[6]127

  最后,在印行本《哲学研究》第二部分最后,维特根斯坦写道:“关于数学,这样一种研究是可能的,它类似于我们关于心理学的研究。正如后一种研究不是一种心理学的研究一样,前者也不是一种数学的研究。在其中,人们不做演算,因此,它也不是,比如,逻辑斯谛(Logistik)。它可以被称为一种关于‘数学基础’的研究。”

  这样看来,维特根斯坦计划中的《哲学研究》有如这样一棵长有两个大枝的树:其杆为终稿评论1至242;其一枝为心理哲学(TS 227的评论243至693节之修改和补充);其另一枝为数学哲学(基础为TS 222和1939年初至1944年夏写的关于数学基础的评论)[11]。遗憾的是,这棵树并没有按照计划顺利生长。这也就是说,我们所见到的TS 227或“终稿”并不是一个真正完成了的稿子,而印行本当然不是维特根斯坦心目中的那个待完成的作品。

  注释:

  ①“MS”为“Manuscript”(手稿)之缩写,“MSS”为“Manuscripts”之缩写,“TS”为“Typescript”(打字稿)之缩写。下文将要用到的“TSS”为“Typescripts”之缩写。

  ②参见R. Monk, Wittgenstein: the Duty of Geniusp. 320。

  ③参见R. Monk, Wittgenstein: the Duty of Geniusp. 340。

  ④参见R. Monk, Wittgenstein: the Duty of Genius, p. 431.

  ⑤赖特推测,这里所说的“进一步的材料”可能指TS 233中的内容。(参见G. H. VonWRIGHT, Wittgenstein, Oxford: Blackwell, 1982, p.187)TS 233由从1929至1948年间(主要是1945到1948年)的一些打字稿中剪裁下来的字条构成。1967年出版,名为《字条集》(Zettel)。

  ⑥参见VONWRIGHT G. H., Wittgenstein p.127。

  【参考文献】

  [1]MCGUINNESS B, VONWRIGHT G. H. Ludwig Wittgenstein: Cambridge Letters. Correspondence with Russell, Keynes, Moore, Ramsey and Sraffa [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.

  [2]MCGUINNESS B. Letters from Wittgenstein, with a Memoir by Paul Engelmann [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1967: 56.

  [3]MONK R, Wittgenstein: the Duty of Genius[M]. London: Vintage, 1991: 225.

  [4]MCGUINNESS B. Vorwort des Herausgebers, in Ludwig Wittgenstein und der Wiener Kreis, Ludwig Wittgenstein: Werkausgabe in 8 B nden, Band 3[M].Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1984.

  [5]NEDO M, RANCHETI M. Wittgenstein: Sein Leben in Bildern und Texten [M]. Frankfurt: Suhrkamp, 1983: 223.

  [6]WITTGENSTEIN L. Wittgenstein's Nachlass, The Bergen Electronic Edition [M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

  [7]RUSSEL B. Betrand Russel Autobiography[M]. London: Allen and Unwin, 1985: 440.

  [8]RHEES R. Ludwig Wittgenstein. Personal Rechections [M]. Oxford: Blackwell, 1984.

  [9]STERN D. The Availability of Wittgensteins Philosophy [C]//SLUGA H, STERN D. The Cambridge Companion to Wittgenstein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996:454.

  [10]WITTGENSTEIN L. Philosohical Occasions 19121-951 [M]. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co., 1993: 461.

  [11]BAKER G, HACKER P. M. S. Wittgenstein: Rules, Grammar and Necessity [C]//Vol. 2 of An Analytical Commentary on the Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997: 24.
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Re: 维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

帖子Lee 在 10 Mar 2009, 23:30

挪威卑尔根大学维特根斯坦档案馆所编电子版Wittgenstein ' s Nachlass(《维特根斯坦遗著集》)于2000年由牛津大学出版社出版,收录了维特根斯坦所有现存的各种形式的著作:笔记,手稿,打字稿。
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Re: 维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

帖子Motif 在 11 Mar 2009, 11:24

有没有维特根斯坦全集的电子版?
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Re: 维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

帖子yolanda 在 18 Apr 2009, 03:44

八卦而已:(文章实在长, 但八卦实在有意思)

http://www.newyorker.com/arts/critics/b ... s_gottlieb



The New Yorker
Books
A Nervous Splendor
The Wittgenstein family had a genius for misery.
by Anthony Gottlieb April 6, 2009

Paul became a concert pianist despite losing an arm, and Ludwig shared his iron will. Yet their three brothers killed themselves.

Paul became a concert pianist despite losing an arm, and Ludwig shared his iron will. Yet their three brothers killed themselves.

Keywords
Karl Wittgenstein;
“The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War” (Doubleday; $28.95);
Alexander Waugh;
Biographies;
Families;
Austrians;
Ludwig Wittgenstein

The family of Karl Wittgenstein, who was one of Austria’s richest men when he died, in 1913, may deserve some gloomy sort of prize, the Palm of Atreus, perhaps. His youngest child, the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, once asked a pupil if he had ever had any tragedies in his life. The pupil, evidently well trained, inquired what he meant by “tragedy.” “I mean suicides, madness, or quarrels,” replied Ludwig, three of whose four brothers committed suicide, two of them (Rudi and Hans) in their early twenties, and the third (Kurt) at the age of forty. Ludwig often thought of doing so, as did his surviving brother, Paul. A budding concert pianist when he lost his right arm to a Russian bullet, in 1914, Paul was imprisoned for a time in the infamous Siberian fortress where Dostoyevsky had set his novel “The House of the Dead.” Ludwig later claimed to have first entertained thoughts of suicide at around the age of ten, before any of his brothers had died. There were three sisters: Gretl, Helene, and Hermine. Hermine, the eldest child (she was born in 1874; Ludwig, the youngest, arrived fifteen years later), and the guardian of her father’s flame, never married. Helene was highly neurotic, and had a husband who suffered from dementia. Gretl was regarded as irritating by most people, including her unpleasant husband, who committed suicide, as did his father and one of his aunts. Bad temper and extreme nervous tension were endemic in the family. One day, when Paul was practicing at one of the seven grand pianos in their winter home, the Palais Wittgenstein, he leaped up and shouted at his brother Ludwig in the room next door, “I cannot play when you are in the house, as I feel your skepticism seeping towards me from under the door!”

All of this was before the Nazis got to work. The Wittgenstein children were brought up as Christians, but they counted as full Jews under the Nuremberg racial laws because three of their grandparents had been born Jewish and did not convert to Christianity until they reached adulthood. (The fourth, their maternal grandmother, had no Jewish ancestry.) After Germany annexed Austria, in 1938, the family money bought the lives of the three sisters—Paul had escaped, and Ludwig was safe in England—but at the cost of estranging several of the surviving siblings from one another. A few days before the invasion of Poland, in 1939, Hitler found the time to issue an order granting half-breed status to the Wittgenstein children, on the pretext that their paternal grandfather had been the bastard son of a German prince. Nobody believed this tale, but the arrangement enabled the German Reichsbank to claim all the gold and much of the foreign currency and stocks held in Switzerland by a Wittgenstein trust. The negotiations for this exchange seem to have involved a secret pact in which Gretl and Hermine sided with Nazi officials against Paul. After the war, Paul performed with his single hand at a concert in Vienna but did not visit Hermine, who was dying there; Ludwig and Paul had no contact after 1939; nor did Paul and Gretl. This was not a happy family.

Alexander Waugh, the author of “The House of Wittgenstein: A Family at War” (Doubleday; $28.95), is no stranger to family sagas. He belongs to the fourth generation of an English literary dynasty that includes the novelist Evelyn Waugh, who was his grandfather; his previous book, “Fathers and Sons,” is a memoir of the Waughs. The publishers of “The House of Wittgenstein” compare the “novelistic richness” of its style to Thomas Mann’s first novel, “Buddenbrooks: The Decline of a Family,” which was published in 1901. In fact, there are more than stylistic similarities between the Wittgensteins of Vienna and Mann’s invented north-German merchant dynasty. In Mann’s novel, the vitality and the solid businesslike virtues of the Buddenbrook family are sapped by introspection, homosexuality, loss of interest in commerce, overindulgence in art, and illness. If Karl Wittgenstein ever read it, he must have nodded in recognition. In a memoir that Hermine wrote in the nineteen-forties, she noted the “lack of vitality and will for life” that set her brothers apart from their father, and described his bitter disappointment that none of them wanted to continue his work in business. Like his wife and his children, Karl was highly musical, but he found his son Hans’s obsession with music to be morbid and strictly limited the amount of time the boy was allowed to play. Hans was a prodigy whose extraordinary musical perception became evident at the age of four; Gustav Mahler’s teacher, Julius Epstein, called him a genius. But Karl insisted that he follow a career in industry or finance. Rudi and Ludwig were homosexual, and Hans may have been, too.

There the parallels end. Thomas Mann traced the decline of the Buddenbrooks through four generations, but the Wittgensteins rose and fell within the span of two. Karl more or less built the family fortune himself. He was no stolid merchant but an audacious risk-taker, and something of a rebel in early life. At the age of seventeen, he absconded to New York, where he arrived in the spring of 1865 with a violin and no money. He worked as a waiter, then, among other things, he played in a minstrel band, a gig that came to an abrupt end when Abraham Lincoln was assassinated in a theatre and musical performances were banned. Karl was too ashamed to write to his family or answer their letters. It was only when he got a steady job as a teacher at a college in upstate New York that he recovered enough pride to agree to return.

His father was a land agent and a trader, and at first Karl was put to work on one of his rented farms. Then he briefly enrolled in Vienna’s Technical University. After dropping out, he took a series of engineering jobs. Energy and intelligence got him into management, audacious deal-making took him higher, and some capital from his wife (he married in 1874) provided the first grains of powder for an explosive entrepreneurial rampage. Waugh says that Karl Wittgenstein was a chancer, whose enormous fortune owed as much to the favorable outcomes of his gambles as to his hard work and his skills. That is implausible; nobody has quite such a consistent run of good luck. Karl was adept at swinging the odds in his own favor, and he knew exactly which chances to take—in particular, he appreciated the significance of technology more keenly than his competitors did. Announcing his death, in 1913, The Economist wrote that “the Austrian iron and steel trade owes its rapid growth and development solely to him.”

Newspaper articles by Karl Wittgenstein show that he believed in unfettered capitalism (though not in free trade) and was opposed to any legislation aimed at protecting consumers from cartels or fraud. Such laws, in his opinion, would interfere with the crucial work of vigorous entrepreneurs, who would ultimately raise the standard of living for everybody. An early master of the leveraged buyout, he no doubt cut some corners while assembling his ingeniously integrated empire of mines, iron- and steelworks, and hardware factories. He certainly reaped the benefits of monopoly wherever he could find them. In February of 1900, The Economist’s Austria-Hungary correspondent reported from Vienna that Herr Wittgenstein would “soon have the power of fixing iron prices in Hungary also, as he fixes them in Austria.”

Karl was no philanthropist on the scale of his American friend Andrew Carnegie. He was more of a patron—one of the main supporters of the Secession, Vienna’s Art Nouveau movement led by Gustav Klimt (who painted a portrait of Gretl, which she did not like). But the family’s cultural life really centered on the grand Musiksaal on the first floor of their main house. Brahms was a family friend. He dedicated his violin concerto to Karl’s first cousin Joseph Joachim, whose famous quartet played in the Musiksaal several times each year. Richard Strauss came and performed duets with the young Paul. Schoenberg attended the soirées several times; Mahler, whose music Ludwig later dismissed as “worthless,” once attended but was not invited again after he left before the end of the evening’s entertainment.

Music was more than entertainment for the Wittgensteins, though, and more than art. For one thing, it became a store of value. Pages from the Wittgenstein collection of autographed musical manuscripts flutter through this wonderfully told story. Scores by Brahms, Schubert, Wagner, and Bruckner are stuffed in a potting shed by a quick-thinking servant while an art historian from the Gestapo rummages through Gretl’s house. A Bach cantata, two Mozart piano concertos, a Haydn symphony, and one of Beethoven’s last piano sonatas are smuggled to Ludwig in Cambridge, where he places them in a bank safe-deposit box. Gretl’s younger son hides Schubert’s “Die Forelle,” Brahms’s “Handel Variations,” some Beethoven letters, Wagner’s sketches for “Die Walküre,” and more, under a pile of socks in his suitcase, and heads for the Vienna railway station. Music was also, Waugh writes, the only effective way in which the Wittgenstein children could communicate with their shy, nervous, and intensely musical mother. And music provided consolation and distraction from the tragedies of the family, about which they were mostly required to remain silent.

Sometime in 1901, Hans fled from his father and went to America, much as his own father had done thirty-six years earlier. In 1902, he disappeared, by most accounts, from a boat, which may have been in the Chesapeake Bay, perhaps on the Orinoco River in Venezuela, or in several other places. Wherever it was, no one doubted that he had committed suicide. Hans’s disappearance was a banned topic. Rudi was a twenty-two-year-old chemistry student in Berlin when he walked into a bar on a May evening in 1904, requested a sentimental song from the pianist, and then mixed potassium cyanide into a glass of milk and died in agony. The suicide note left for his parents said that he had been grieving over the death of a friend. A more likely explanation is that he thought he was identifiable as the subject of a published case study about homosexuality. After Rudi’s funeral, Karl forbade the family to mention him ever again. Waugh thinks that this enforced silence, which the dutiful Mrs.Wittgenstein supported, created a permanent rift between parents and children. The exact circumstances of Kurt’s suicide, which took place on the Italian front in 1918, are unknown. He was generally regarded as cheerful, but Hermine recorded that he seemed to carry “the germ of disgust for life within himself.”

Perhaps it was because Paul, after he lost his right arm, had the most tangible affliction in the family that he found the focus to remake himself. His determination to succeed on the concert stage was, in part, inspired by the example of Josef Labor, a blind organist and composer who was a favorite of the Wittgenstein family. Géza Zichy, a one-armed Hungarian count whose pianism had enthralled Liszt, was another encouraging model. Zichy wrote a self-help book for amputees, which explained, among other things, how to eat a crayfish and remove one’s underpants with only one arm. Paul worked furiously and ingeniously to develop techniques that would enable him to perform. The training began while he was still recovering from the amputation in a Russian prison hospital, tapping on a dummy keyboard that he had etched in charcoal on a crate. Later, on a real piano, he often practiced for up to seven hours at a sitting.

At the peak of his career, in the late nineteen-twenties and early thirties, Paul’s concerts drew wildly enthusiastic reviews from respected critics; the Grove Dictionary of Music describes Paul as having had “an amazing virtuosity which enabled him to overcome difficulties formidable even for a two-handed pianist.” During Ludwig’s lifetime, the pianist brother—his elder by just two years—was much the more famous of the two. It’s also true that Paul continued to perform after his abilities had declined, and his reputation declined accordingly. He made few recordings, and Waugh, who is also a composer and a music critic, remarks that most of them are bad.

His most lasting significance comes from having commissioned one-handed works from at least a dozen composers, including Richard Strauss, Sergei Prokofiev, Benjamin Britten, Paul Hindemith, and Maurice Ravel, whose Piano Concerto for the Left Hand remains widely performed. Strauss extracted a particularly large fee, and Britten, at least, affected to be in it just for the money. (“I have been commissioned by a man called Wittgenstein,” Britten wrote to his sister. “He pays gold so I’ll do it.”) Paul often insisted on changes to the music, especially when he thought that the orchestra had been overscored and would drown out his playing. (Britten groused, “The man really is an old sour puss.”) There was also a colorful dispute with Ravel, who complained for the rest of his life about his dealings with Paul. There was worse in store for poor Hindemith, who wrote his concerto in 1923: Paul couldn’t understand the composition, so he filed it away. It was discovered eight decades later, in a Pennsylvania farmhouse that had belonged to Paul’s widow, and given a belated world première by Leon Fleisher in Berlin in 2004. Paul couldn’t fathom Prokofiev’s concerto, either, and he shelved that, too. In 1950, Siegfried Rapp, a pianist who had lost his right arm in the Second World War, asked for permission to perform some of these works, many of which had been written a quarter of a century earlier. Paul usually bought exclusive performing rights for his commissions, and he said no. A few years later, Rapp obtained a copy of Prokofiev’s concerto from his widow and went ahead, anyway, infuriating Paul.

It is hard to warm to Paul’s refusal to let anyone else perform pieces that he wouldn’t play himself. (He even felt betrayed by composers who wanted to rearrange his commissions to produce two-handed versions.) And, despite giving evidence of Paul’s kindness and generosity to friends, pupils, and old retainers, Waugh makes no effort to conceal his hero’s estrangement from the compromises that lubricate everyday life. Bertrand Russell once wrote of Ludwig that no one could be more “destitute of the false politeness that interferes with truth.” This was at a time when Russell was still enraptured by the young Ludwig. Russell later grew less indulgent toward his erstwhile pupil, but he had identified a family characteristic: when they believed that an important principle was at stake—which, for them, was often—the Wittgensteins were not inclined to be nice.

Most of Paul’s eccentricities were perhaps the normal ones for a loner who had been brought up amid vast wealth. He was a fiercely private man who liked to book entire railway carriages for himself, even when travelling with his family. His wife, Hilde, who was half blind and had been his pupil, bore him two children in Vienna before their marriage; the elder child had been conceived shortly after their first piano lesson, when Hilde was eighteen years old and Paul was forty-seven. Because Hilde was not Jewish, Paul was open to charges of “racial defilement,” and in 1938 he fled Austria. When his wife and children arrived in the United States, in 1941, he set them up in a house on Long Island, which he visited on weekends from his apartment on Riverside Drive. Arriving in New York without a valet, he soon ran into trouble. When his clothes were stolen from a hotel—he had left them outside his room, presuming that someone would wash them—he sat around in bedsheets until a candidate for the post of personal assistant came up with the suggestion that more clothes be bought from a shop. She was hired. Another anecdote has him sallying forth into the street wearing a hat that was still attached to its box.

In the Wittgenstein family, it was not the philosopher who was the unworldly one. Ever since childhood, the last-born Ludwig had had a passion and a facility for mechanical things. At the age of ten, he constructed a working model of a sewing machine out of bits of wood and wire; while serving in the Austrian Army, he demonstrated a more dangerous practicality by improvising his own mortar in the field. After leaving school, Ludwig studied engineering in Berlin, specializing in hot-air balloons, and then moved to Manchester to work on aeronautical engines; in 1910, he patented an improvement in propeller technology. It was then that he heard of Bertrand Russell’s work on logic and decided to study with him in Cambridge.

Russell found him to be a tormented soul, unsure of his own abilities and unsure whether to be an engineer or a philosopher. Russell soon decided that Ludwig was the most perfect example of genius he had ever known, and persuaded him not to continue with engineering. “We expect the next big step in philosophy to be taken by your brother,” Russell told Hermine. But he feared that his new pupil was on the brink of suicide, as he explained in a letter to his mistress, Lady Ottoline Morrell. Ottoline wrote back that hot chocolate would calm Ludwig’s nerves, and enclosed a packet of cocoa tablets for Russell to give him.

If they ever reached Ludwig they did not do the trick. He continued to work with a feverish intensity on the problems of logic that he was discussing with Russell and to agonize about his life. The way those two topics were entangled in Ludwig’s mind can be seen from his “Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,” a gnomic masterpiece that he completed as a soldier in 1918. The “Tractatus” is a mixture of logical symbols and mystical remarks in which Ludwig attempted to delineate the limits of language. Certain things could be expressed in language, and these were best understood in terms of the logical techniques developed by Russell, he maintained. But others—and these were the most important things in life—could not be expressed in language at all. Hence the book’s famous closing line: “Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.” The problems of philosophy could thus be dispatched by being divided into those that could be perspicuously rendered into Russellian logic, and thereby answered fairly easily, and those about which nothing could be said.

Frank Ramsey, one of Ludwig’s most brilliant friends, who had reviewed the “Tractatus” in Britain’s main philosophical journal as an undergraduate, quipped that “what we can’t say we can’t say, and we can’t whistle it either.” Ramsey meant that Ludwig seemed to be cheating by trying to specify exactly what cannot be said. As it happens, Ludwig—who, unusually for a Wittgenstein, seems not to have mastered any musical instrument as a child—impressed his musical friends with displays of virtuoso whistling. Several Cambridge dons recalled hearing him whistle the solo part of an entire concerto while a pianist played the orchestral part. Whether or not Ramsey had this curious feat in mind, the Wittgensteins were certainly in the habit of using music to express what they couldn’t say in words.

After the “Tractatus,” having thus exhausted all philosophical problems, and been exhausted by them, Ludwig took a break. He worked as a schoolmaster for six years and then as an architect, designing and obsessively supervising the building of a house in Vienna for his sister Gretl. During the First World War, he had read Tolstoy’s “The Gospel in Brief” and other writings that extolled the wisdom of peasants. Resolving to lead a simple life, he gave his share of the family money to three of his siblings; since they were very rich already, he believed they could not be corrupted further by receiving his portion. Then, in 1927, his interest in philosophy was rekindled. This time, his view of language changed—the emphasis on Russellian logic was gone—but one key idea remained the same. Both his old and his new philosophy shared an inspiration that he had come across as a teen-ager in “The Principles of Mechanics,” by Heinrich Hertz, a German physicist. Hertz had suggested a novel way to deal with the puzzling concept of force in Newtonian physics: the best approach was not to try to define it but to restate Newton’s theory in a way that eliminates any reference to force. Once this was done, according to Hertz, “the question as to the nature of force will not have been answered; but our minds, no longer vexed, will cease to ask illegitimate questions.”

Ludwig’s big idea was to apply this method to philosophical problems. In his “Tractatus,” he had tried to show that some philosophical questions were illegitimate because they tried to say the unsayable. The new approach was gentler and more therapeutic. By painstakingly examining how language works in everyday life, Ludwig now believed that one could be cured of the misconceptions that give rise to philosophical puzzles, and thus stop worrying about them. That is what he toiled on, mostly in Cambridge, until his death, in 1951.

Does this actually work? Curiously, it is hard to say, because Ludwig seldom dealt explicitly with classical philosophical problems. His writings hardly ever mention the great philosophers of days gone by, except in passing. So one has to work out for oneself what, if any, bearing his explorations of the workings of language have on the ideas of Plato, Descartes, or Kant. Ludwig intended his technique to be revolutionary: “Why should philosophy in the age of airplanes and automobiles be the same as in the age when people travelled by coach or on foot?” the former aeronautical engineer asked. It remains a point of contention whether he really found an honest way to dispose of philosophical questions or merely succeeded in changing the subject of conversation by the sheer force of his personality.

There’s a telling description of genius by Arthur Schopenhauer, the German philosopher of romantic pessimism, whose work was well known to Ludwig, Paul, Gretl, and Hans: “Talent is like the marksman who hits a target which others cannot reach; genius is like the marksman who hits a target, as far as which others cannot even see.” That seems to have been the Wittgenstein way: trying to hit targets that others could not see. But if ordinary mortals cannot spot the bull’s-eye, how do they know whether it has been hit? According to Schopenhauer, they just have to accept the evidence of genius on faith, which is what Ludwig’s admirers often did. When Ludwig attacked some of Russell’s ideas, Russell wrote to Ottoline Morrell, “I couldn’t understand his objection—in fact he was very inarticulate—but I feel in my bones that he must be right.” Other philosophers who met Ludwig reported the same feeling.

It’s tempting to come away from the Wittgenstein saga with the thought that Karl, if only he had lived long enough, would have acknowledged the iron-willed independence of Paul and Ludwig as a reflection of his own, and given them his blessing. But that would probably be expecting too much of him. Tragic or not, no family has room for more than one Wittgenstein. ♦
ILLUSTRATION: DAVID HUGHES
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Re: 维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

帖子yolanda 在 18 Apr 2009, 03:55

对不起, 此等长篇八卦应打到”人物故事“ 栏去。
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Re: 维特根斯坦《哲学研究》写作出版情况【转】

帖子yijun 在 18 Apr 2009, 13:25

放这里挺好,很好的材料。
内省以及内省所需要的敏感,以及这种敏感的训练,在西方都不是主流的传统,因此,大多数时候,需要靠偶然的天才出现,也就是在生理层面就特出的人,由他们把西方思想推向一些个意外的高峰,例如维特根斯坦,例如尼采,例如哥德尔,等等。
yijun
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