4.Quantum Theory of Particles


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One of the most important things of physics is expediency.

the notion of particle is just such a kind of expediency, wave too.

 

At first, let's see what does the word particle means?

what is classical particle?

when we talk about a particle in classical syntax, we don't means the exist of such things like a point. It means that we can describe the object's state like that: it's position at space-time, it's momentum, it's energy, have it's determinate value, although we need a reference system at meantime.

 

are there classical particles at atom scale?

The discrete quantity:

the discover of electron: measurement of e/m & e of electron.

    It means that if we measure the charge of electrons, we get a discrete quantity. Then, we designate electron as a particle. This is the only reason that we name an electron a particle!

 

The energy of radiation:

Plank: oscillator of black body

Einstein: absorbing of radiation

 

The structure of atom:

Rutherford scattering experiment=>the geometry of atom

Light spectrums-->the necessity of quantization of electromagnetic field

Bohr: energy levels

 

The spectrum of atom:

 

 

 

why we use the notion of particle?

classical particle->quantum particle: change the description of the state of a physical object.

1.The way to the concept of "quantum particle":

 

2.How to describe a quantum object?

states

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The End: Toward the Quantum Theory of Field.

Why relativistic wave mechanics is wrong?